About ZeptoPhysics

ZeptoPhysics explains the precision frontier of physics: the experiments that measure tiny effects so accurately that they can reveal particles and forces too heavy or too faint to see directly. The name comes from the zeptometer (10⁻²¹ m), roughly the distance scale that today’s most sensitive indirect measurements reach.

What you will find here

Plain-language explainers on open questions in particle physics and astrophysics, and free calculators that run entirely in your browser:

• ZeptoPulse: pulsars, cosmology, black holes, fast radio bursts
• ZeptoWaves: gravitational-wave inspirals
• ZeptoPlasma: synchrotron radiation and plasma scales
• Zeptomic: collider kinematics and boson lifetimes
• ZeptoLaser: high-intensity, wakefield and attosecond lasers
• ZeptoFusion: tokamak and laser fusion
• ZeptoClock: atomic and nuclear clocks, relativity, dark matter
• Frontier: X-ray lasers, superconducting magnets, future colliders

How we work

• Every calculator shows its equations, assumptions and limits, with a worked example and references.
• Explainers summarise published results and link to the experiments’ own public pages. We do not publish invented data or citations.
• Values that are projections or approximations are labelled as such.

Corrections

Physics moves fast. If you spot an error or an outdated result, please let us know and we will correct it.